Studies using longitudinal data suggest that previous populations, albeit having significantly lower BMI than today's population, suffered from the same chronic diseases that are commonly thought to be caused by being overweight and obesity. It is not certain, based on long-run studies, that short-run-oriented policy actions directed at weight reduction would improve the health and mortality rate of the American population.

Forty-two states have state grown promotions. These often publicly funded promotions are intended to increase returns for home state producers. Although theoretical arguments suggest little likelihood for success, some empirical results are positive. Still, quality standards enforced by a licensing agency could improve the effectiveness of these programs.